The Death Penalty

The Death Penalty â€Å"If we neglect to execute killers, and doing so would in actuality have prevented different homicides, we have permitted the slaughtering of a lot of guiltless casualties. I would much rather chance the previous. This, to me, is anything but an intense call. † (McAdams) capital punishment ought to be authorized in every one of the fifty states, to deflect from wrongdoing, keep recurrent guilty parties off of the lanes, and to decrease citizens the expense of keeping those saw as blameworthy of intolerable violations in jail low. Capital punishment can in truth dissuade intolerable violations from being submitted when it is legitimate in a state. Social researchers have expressed that the demonstration of general prevention, which is the point at which the discipline discourages potential lawbreakers from carrying out wrongdoings, shields hoodlums from proceeding with violations. In any case, it is more indicated that planned violations are normally the ones halted by general prevention, not wrongdoings under energy. Horrifying wrongdoings have been diminished exceptionally in the states that have a death penalty law. Capital punishment keeps recurrent wrongdoers off of the roads. In Michigan a case that speaks to this occurred; â€Å"A man who was recruited by Honeywell Inc. , in the wake of serving four years in jail for choking a collaborator has been accused of slaughtering another colleague and a lady he purportedly followed and compromised for weeks† (Sullum individual document). Had capital punishment been permitted in Michigan the woman’s life could have been competed, for the male who killed her would have been executed some time before and never got the opportunity to kill her. Capital punishment might be a long procedure, yet it doesn't give those waiting for capital punishment a desire for parole. By having the horrifying lawbreakers in penitentiaries waiting for capital punishment shields them from rehashing violations. In five out of seven cases it is said that crooks will by and by carry out wrongdoings once discharged from jail of prison. Capital punishment keeps the crooks in prison and executes them. This shields the overall population from deadly wrongdoings from recurrent guilty parties. Capital punishment likewise keeps citizens costs low, in light of the fact that the jail looses individuals in which the state duties would need to pay for. The residents of the state pay for the detainees, and my dispensing with the lawbreakers imprisoned for intolerable violations diminishes cost by a high percent. The normal expense every year per jail is about $1 billion. By implementing capital punishment and making it legitimate can decrease that cost by practically half. Half doesn't seem like much in such enormous terms, yet in actuality it is a massive measure of cash that the citizens can be utilizing elsewhere. Battling families despite everything need to take care of for detained hoodlums and capital punishment can thusly have more cash in that home, since it would not be put towards the jail. There is another side to capital punishment, be that as it may. A great many people accept capital punishment is corrupt and unfair. Some state that the possibility of â€Å"an eye for an eye† ought not matter to capital punishment. The death penalty is as yet a demonstration of homicide, which is deserving of law. This is a significant contention of those against the death penalty. There are additionally strict perspectives that keep many contradicted of capital punishment. Christians see capital punishment as off-base due to the way that executing an executioner is as yet slaughtering, which is a transgression that breaks one of the Ten Commandments. The huge populace of Christians in the United States keeps the vote against the death penalty high, since this country was based on that confidence and it is additionally the most elevated religion in the country. Capital punishment keeps citizens cost low, keeps recurrent wrongdoers off of the road, and stops terrible wrongdoing, and accordingly ought to be made legal in every one of the fifty conditions of the United States of America. The Death Penalty The Death Penalty: It is Never Justified A youngster has been accused of the merciless homicide of a multi year old young lady subsequent to assaulting and disfiguring her body. This wrongdoing was so offensive and unfathomable that the main discipline that appears to fit the wrongdoing is the death penalty; there is just one problem†the man indicted is guiltless. People in general is so up to speed in carrying Justice to the killed young lady that through the death penalty more unfairness is brought into the world and the life of another honest being is taken. There is no returning and fixing the mistake.There is no fixing in the matter of death. The coincidental homicide of an honest individual through capital punishment is Just one manner by which capital punishment is a totally dishonest, defective, and unjustified type of discipline. Issues related with capital punishment, for example, it being uncaring, prejudicial, and an out of line type of discipline, are reasons that death penalty is never the response to irritated homicide [claim]. Capital punishment is incredibly obtuse. Three basic methods used to play out the sentence incorporate the hot seat, gas chambers, and deadly injection.Supporters of capital punishment contend that cutting edge science has wiped out the factor of torment by deadly infusion [rebuttal], however by what means can this genuinely be demonstrated? The logical diary the Nature Publishing Group [backing] revealed that practically a large portion of the detainees are as yet cognizant albeit deadened during the deadly infusion as the medication stops the heart. The NPG at that point proceeds to state, â€Å"If appropriately qualified people won't help set up another convention, the state will confront the possibility of proceeding to utilize novices to execute individuals with self-assertive and old fashioned innovation' (â€Å"Amateur† 2) [evidence].Dying is an agonizing thing. The discipline of death is now extraordi nary, however the way that the detainee is being put down with synthetic compounds that aren't given by doctors or researchers is brutal and does not have any sympathy. Andrew Stephen, the United States editorial manager of the New Statesman magazine which gives an account of current undertakings, [backing] likewise clarified the brutality of the most accommodating type of the death penalty: deadly infusion. Stephen clarified how the potassium chloride utilized in the infusion causes horrendous agony as it clears its path through the veins and into the heart to execute the person.Stephen follows this by expressing, â€Å"The American Veterinary Medical Association even gave rules in 2002 saying that the blend was unsuitable for putting mutts and felines, not to mention people, to sleep† (Stephen 33) [evidence]. In what manner can a vote based system in the U. S. which represents Justice potentially bolster this glaringly obtuse type of discipline that isn't even appropriate f or creatures? It is highly unlikely to appropriately execute an individual, it is corrupt and shameful not make any difference what it's identity is done to, and in this manner doesn't hold a spot in the U. S. Jurisdiction.The capital punishment can likewise be extremely discretionary or arbitrary as in there is ot a set standard for everybody who submits murder to be condemned to death. It has neither rhyme nor reason how a few detainees who are sentenced for awful homicides get the benefit of living while other people who didn't kill without blinking don't get the open door for restoration and recovery. The reason for such mediation can be credited to segregation. David Bruck, who was a Harvard and University of South Carolina graduate, filled in as a legal advisor detending those charged witn capita discipline [backing].Bruck outlines how unjustifiable the death penalty is in an exposition he composed for The New Republic magazine. Bruck clarifies how a man from Louisiana named E rnest Knighton executed a corner store proprietor while ransacking the service station. This is obviously an awful wrongdoing; be that as it may, the wrongdoing was not planned and fails to measure up to other horrifying killings, yet by one way or another Knighton was picked to be executed. This might be clarified by the way that Knighton was dark, the casualty was white, the Jury at his hearing was completely white, and he needed adequate defense.In different words, separation was a factor. Bruck clarifies this execution by expressing, â€Å"Ernest Knighton was selected to kick the bucket the manner in which an angler removes a cricket from an ait Jar. Nobody cares which cricket gets skewered on the hook† (Bruck NPA) [evidence]. There were obviously more compromising killers out there than Knighton, however Knighton was picked to bite the dust. The possibility that this sort of segregation will proceed with is completely conceivable [modal qualifier] and represents the defi ciencies in the arrangement of capital punishment.However, in cases, for example, the death penalty where passing is included, there is no space for shortcomings. Life is a valuable blessing not to be messed with. Cash likewise is by all accounts a prejudicial factor in capital punishment, as rich eople are bound to maintain a strategic distance from capital punishment than are needy individuals who can't bear the cost of legitimate safeguard. A rich killer's life is not any more significant than the life of a poor killer, yet the possibility of endurance for a poor man is a lot of lower than that of a rich man. This cruel actuality is unfair.Scott Phillips writer for the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology [backing] composes, â€Å"As Former Supreme Court Justice William Douglas, for instance, noted: ‘One scans our accounts futile for the execution of any individual from the princely layers of this society† (Phillips 718) [evidence]. It is efinitely conceivable [mo dal qualifier] that the individuals who have cash are the ones who can bear the cost of the best barrier and along these lines stay away from capital punishment. It barely appears to be reasonable that the rich get the chance to live over the poor not in view of honesty, but since of the size of their wallets.Two wrongs don't make a privilege under the states of homicide. The arrangement of the death penalty is clearly faulty as it separates and apparently picks its casualties at arbitrary, taking a chance with the chance of slaughtering even the blameless. Backers of capital punishment contend that it is the main type of discipline that is orthy of homicide [rebuttal]. This is a â€Å"eye for an eye† attitude. Edward Koch, the previous civic chairman of New York [backing], bolstered this attitude by expressing, â€Å".. it c

Franklin Delaney Roosevelt essays

Franklin Delaney Roosevelt articles Conceived in 1882, Franklin Delaney Roosevelt, nicknamed FDR by the press, was naturally introduced to a well off family. He despite everything stayed to convey a veritable sympathy for standard individuals and an extraordinary soul of confidence which the nation severely required. He moved on from Harvard University and in spite of the fact that his principle intrigue was governmental issues, he chose to accept a position in a law office. In 1920 FDR ran for Vice President however didn't make it. The accompanying summer, at the age of twenty-nine, he contracted polio, just to stay deadened for a mind-blowing remainder. Utilizing steel supports and a stick, FDR, alongside the assistance of his child and helpers, stayed to mask the way that he was injured, reason being that he was too decided and solid disapproved to show anyone his genuine shortcoming including his wellbeing. FDR invested a lot of energy recouping at Warm Springs in Georgia, where this was in some cases his lone departure out of his bustling life. After his prosperity as legislative leader of N ew York, numerous supporters of FDR accepted he should pursue the administration. So it was, in the appointment of 1932, FDR would become president for the following twelve years. During when FDR was the United States president, there were two significant emergencies in the hands of the country. In spite of the fact that FDR guaranteed numerous Americans that there would be no war with Germany, there positively was; FDR attempted to devise an arrangement with Churchill to vanquish Hitler and have everlasting triumph over this man. At this equivalent time, FDRs right hand, Missy Halliand, endured a stroke and was never the equivalent again. FDR kept himself in his own condition of dejection, presumably never to be a similar man again. Three days after the U.S.S. Greer was terminated on, FDRs mother fell wiped out and he sat close by until she kicked the bucket. He would regularly request that his girl Anna keep him a secret forever where he would sit for quite a long time; he discovered safeness and security when he was there. In the blink of an eye ... <!

The Secret to Winning Customers Hearts with AI

The Secret to Winning Customers’ Hearts with AI Businesses mainly exist because of customers. Or potential customers.That is why before starting a business, you must be sure that there is a market for your products.It is therefore important that your business meets the needs of your customers. If it doesn’t, your competitors will do it. As such, you have to always be ahead of the competition.This means staying ahead of the news. Knowing what they don’t know.Getting information ahead of them and implementing it properly and faster.It also means you have to make your operations more efficient and keep your costs as low as possible.Yet the focus should not be on your way of doing business because it is not about you.Your focus should be on your customers because business is all about them.Since they are the ones guaranteeing your sustained or increased revenues, you have to get them hooked to your business.They have to love you more than they can love any other brand in your industry.How do you ensure that?There are many ways of achieving this though one stands out.This is by use of technology.But this is not just any other technology. It is the addition of brainpower to your company.We are talking about Artificial Intelligence.What is Artificial Intelligence?Artificial Intelligence is the man-made intelligence that is brought to you through computer programs. It can be in the form of robots (hardware and software) or only computer programs (software).The use of robots is quite limited though still in existence.You will mainly spot them in science-related organizations where research is mainstream.They have also been adopted in hospitals where they can carry out medical procedures.But much of AI comes in the form of software integrated either into a company’s main system or as a standalone solution.What makes AI stand out over the normal computer programs is the ability to think and reason.The limits are dependent on what the system has been programmed to do.For example, there are manufacturing processes done by robotic arms.These have been fed with relevant information and instructions to facilitate the kind of work they do.These robotic arms can use sensors and internal decision making processes to measure a car’s door size. From that, they will know what amount of paint to use then go ahead and apply it evenly.Not only will this be done perfectly well, it will also be faster than a human hand.Away from factories, there are other forms of Artificial Intelligence which are more visible in your everyday life.COMMON EXAMPLES OF AIAlthough this technology has not yet been embraced by all businesses, many have implemented it.They have had their own stories to tell as the benefits are evident.Some manufacturers have reported more revenues after selling these solutions.For those buying, many conveniences have been reported.Here are some of the most common ways AI is already in your life though you may not have known it.Virtual AssistantsEveryone loves convenience and this is one of tec hnology’s most profound promises. Fortunately, it keeps this promise.Thanks to technology, you can store foods for longer (refrigerators) and cook them within seconds (microwave ovens). There is definitely much to celebrate technology for.But one of the more recent additions to convenience is the virtual assistant.Amazon has its Alexa, Microsoft its Cortana and Google its Google Assistant. These provide you with voice control through which you can do very many things. For example, you can order pizza from home and also check traffic before leaving the office.Here is an example of how an AI-powered virtual assistant works. It offers the customer convenience while providing the business lots of additional revenue opportunities. Virtual assistants are a good example of how AI works.They are programmed to learn your voice and process your language. They understand what you tell them and do it accordingly. They even go beyond that in many ways.They are able to learn your preferences an d keep them in mind. They will then use these to make your life as easy as possible.An example of this is when you get back home and your favorite music starts playing. Your virtual assistant might ask you if you want it played, or what song you want to listen to. Alternatively, it might just start playing it without asking since it has learned from your preferences.Like a human assistant or secretary, these can also record notes and store them in the cloud. They can also retrieve and read the notes to you later on. That is the intelligence in these devices. And more is expected to be made possible.Online Shopping RecommendationsEver paid close attention to the product recommendations you get when shopping online? This is another example of AI.These programs quickly “read your mind” and know your interests. They then move to make very relevant and interesting suggestions for you to consider. The accuracy exhibited by these programs is astounding and the suggestions they make wil l more often than not capture your attention.This is why you end up spending more time shopping online than you planned for. And unless you are very disciplined and specific with what you need, you will definitely spend more money.Although you will have bought something good, the biggest beneficiary here is the businessâ€"the online retailer whose website you visited. The retailer will have managed to convince you to buy more.However, note that no-one spoke a single word to you. A computer program just made some suggestions and you agreed with it.These product recommendations usually come labeled something like, “Customers who bought this also bought” Or, “Recommended accessories for this product.”In case social media has been integrated into the system, you can receive messages such as “Here are some of your friends who also bought this product.”This is meant to convince you that you are making the right choice. Or staring at it, and you need to make the decision fast.W hereas you can definitely see the marketing angle to it, as a buyer, these systems can help you locate the best deal available on the platform.Social Network RecommendationsFacebook is good at using AI too. In any case, isn’t it one of the world’s biggest technology companies? It is therefore only natural that they will make it big with the innovation.Their implementation comes when they make friend suggestions to you.Have you ever asked yourself how they knew who to suggest to you?It is Artificial Intelligence at work.Much of it is based on the information you and your friends have fed into Facebook.The algorithms running in the background do comparisons and check for possible acquaintance from many angles.They may check the events attended by both of you, friends shared between the two of you or even locations where you live.Basically, all the information you provide is used to help make relevant friend suggestions.Another example is how Facebook’s Messenger uses AI to make suggestions during conversations.And if you accept one suggestion, you have made the system smarter. It will be able to do an even better job next time.Email Spam FiltersAnother great example is the spam filter which is part of your email program. Apart from being a bother and source of annoyance, spam emails are also tools used to try and infiltrate business networks.As such, they are actually security threats to you and your business.Being security threats, they evolve quite quickly.More than that, the people who send such emails are way too many that they cannot be arrested to end the vice.And to make things more difficult, spammers have learned to utilize technology so it works for them.They automate the email-sending programs so as to send as many as possible without being recognized. They can send emails which seem to be coming from a different continent while the spammers may actually be living next door.They research and learn the ways through which your email provider is se eking to keep you safe. They then look for ways of breaking into that system to deceive and defraud you.So how does your email spam filter protect you?Although there are many ways your email program keeps you safe, AI is at the heart of it all. Most spam filters utilize a huge database of patterns used by spammers.These are like characteristics of spam emails.Some combine this with a real-time ability to scan and detect fishy characteristics of emails.When a suspicious email is detected, it is scanned for various known anomalies.If it passes the test, it may be presented to you with a warning message urging you to verify that it is safe.Depending on the action you take, the system learns some more.Video GamesMovies and video games are popular when it comes to relaxing and getting entertained.But video games offer more engagement than movies and traditional TV programs.This is because of the level of immersion they provide.Whereas a movie shows you what happened in the cast’s life, video games give you an opportunity to be inside the action.You may be playing your favorite game and your opponent seems to be getting the better of you. In this case, just know that the computer behind the scenes is using artificial intelligence.In most cases, the system will beat you, especially if you set the game’s difficulty level to “Hard.”The “average” or “moderate” setting may still be too much for you if you are not experienced in the game.This shows you how powerful AI is.One classic example of a game which used AI to beat a champion was the IBM’s Deep Blue system. This system beat the then world chess champion Garry Kasparov in a game of chess.The victory for the machine came in the rematch.This was 1 year after losing to the chess champion in the original match.BENEFITS OF AI TO YOUR BUSINESSSeeing that AI has been implemented and is growing in usage, you may wonder what real benefits it brings.If the examples above did not convince you of the possible benefits, then check these more specific ones.Improves EfficiencyImproved efficiency is a sure way of increasing productivity. And when your customers experience efficiency with your service delivery, they are sure to appreciate and come back.Businesses which adopt AI testify to the benefits and many more are investing heavily in AI.And on the basis of such reports, many others jump on the opportunity to implement their own AI systems.An example of this is the chatbot program on many websites. Very few people recognize this to be a machine communicating with them.It is easy to believe that it is a human who is on the other side because of the smooth flow of the interaction.And although some businesses have humans behind the chat messages, many are going the chatbot way.These programs have been taught, or have learned how humans speak and can replicate that. They can either be used in audio conversations or text- based interactions.They have learned from studying patterns and many ex amples of responses given by humans and can thus respond like them.A visible benefit of these chatbots is the unlimited number of customer interactions they can handle at one particular time.Whereas with human customer care staff, only one customer can be handled at a time, this is not the case with AI-powered chats.Many customers can have their queries answered with little to no human intervention.This makes your customers happy as they will not have to wait for a customer service representative to be available.Drives Customer EngagementThe way AI works to benefit both shopper and business in online shopping proves that customer engagement can be increased.The suggestion of related products simple keeps the customer on your e-shop for longer.And the longer he is there, the more of your offerings he sees.The more he sees, the more he is likely to spend and that is how you benefit.With more time spent on the site, you also get to gauge a customer’s engagement by measuring how much scrolling he did on the product pages.This helps you know which products not to suggest next time because they never interested him.For that particular customer, you also get more insight into his interests and can better profile him for later marketing.Prevent Human ErrorAI has been used to prevent human error in the transport industry. It is widely known that 9 out of 10 road accidents occur due to human error.This means that if human error is removed, then accidents will drastically reduce.This is partly one of the reasons why many cars are now equipped with some level of computer programming for increased safety.Some of the safety measures included are automatic brake systems, collision detection systems as well as parking assist systems.All these use AI to make the right decisions about the given circumstances. The advanced stage of what is implemented in these vehicles brings about autonomous cars.Any self-driving car is loaded with lots of data and an AI system.These cars wil l check the weather, monitor traffic situation and based on the information acquired, take the best route to your destination.Predict OutcomesBusinesses need ways of staying ahead of the game.This is especially true where the stakes are high. And where else would the stakes be higher than the stock market?One of the most common investment grounds is the stock market.You may buy shares and sell them again to make profit. You can either do this occasionally or daily.If you do it daily, this could be said to be your career.Yet there is no career which has no challenges. If you are a professional and really work to maximize profits, they don’t just sit and wait for the prices to change.Since price change are what determine when to buy and sell, you have to know when it’s going to happen.At the same time, you have to be sure that when it happens, it’s not going to change beyond that.How do you know this?Some professionals rely on their intellect and experience. But if you are tech savvy, then you should know better.Invest in a system which can predict the best time to buy and sell your stock holdings. You will achieve this by feeding the system with data on historical prices and transactions.The system then monitors the transactions being done or the changes in the market.When it perceives that the prices are set to rise and to what exact price, it advices you to sell.If a certain stock is of interest, then you can monitor it for low prices so as to buy when it is cheap.Customers Want ItIf you are still not convinced that AI is the way to go, then maybe this study by Capgemini will help you.In a study about customers and AI interactions, they found that consumers know about AI and actually want it.They like AI better when it is informed by human intelligence.The consumers also reported that AI-powered interactions would be better as long as there was a real human providing oversight.This means that customer are not only satisfied with non-human interactions b ut are also enjoying it.For them, it may not necessarily be for the enjoyment of the service. It is mainly due to the efficiency they experience as a result of these interactions.HOW TO WIN YOUR CUSTOMERS’ HEARTS WITH AISeeing that customers want it, and there are potential benefits for your business, implementing AI is the only logical thing to do.But it’s not just about implementing AI. You have to do it correctly.The mentioned study by Capgemini shows that it is not merely AI that will do it.There are two additional ingredients the study referred to as “the secret” for winning customers’ hearts.Here are the two ingredients.Be TransparentConsumers are recognizing AI interactions and their benefits.Having embraced them, they prefer being informed what kind of interaction they are having. 65% of the respondents from UK said organizations should explicitly state whether the interactions are AI-enabled.They would like to know right from the beginning whether they are interac ting with a human or a machine.This means the communication has to be provided before the interaction starts.A good way of doing this is by identifying the chat agent in the case of chat support.This can be achieved by using a message such as, “Hi, I am ABC’s bot. How can I help you?”Alternatively, instead of the words, you can make use of an image.As you would normally have the picture of the human agent on the chat box, use a robot’s image.This would automatically communicate the type of interaction.If offering support via phone, it is generally a lot easier to detect a computer from the way the conversation happens.Still, advances in technology may blur the distinction.Having the AI bot do an introduction is the best solution.But as always, you can do it in any other way as long as you make the communication to consumers.Make Interactions More Human-LikeWhen computers take over a customer support interaction, some signs are given off that the other party is not human.On t op of the need for transparency as stated above, more consumers want AI to be capable of more human-like qualities.For example, during a support call, customers prefer AI that sounds human.62% of respondents said they want more human-like voices and intellect.A further 57% said they would like AI to have the ability to understand human emotions and respond accordingly.Closely related to that, more than half of the respondents said that AI which can show empathy would be better. 54% said that AI should have human-like behaviors and personality.Of course these preferences and demands only mean more research and work into the AI field.That will increase costs of implementing AI. But the important thing to note is that these are the voices of consumers.That said, you can still implement AI with little pressure.You don’t have to wait till all the advances are available. Neither do you need to wait for the costs to come down.What you should do is get a scalable solution.Whichever soluti on you go for, ensure it can grow with you. This way, new features can be included in the already-installed solution.CONCLUSIONAI is an investment which you cannot ignore. It is an investment into the future of customer experience.Come up with a team to spearhead its implementation.Communicate the vision to your staff then start implementing in small manageable portions.

Employees Conduct and Freedom of Speech - Free Essay Example

Carlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to be a racist and not be terminated We live in the United States for a reason, and that reason is our freedom. We have many rights, which fall under the United States Constitution, which helps to protect our rights as U.S. citizens. Carl is a hard worker and it seems that he plays just as hard off duty as well. When Carl is off the clock he has a right to be a racist if that is what he chooses, and he is not breaking any laws. Carl states his group is always peaceful, they have fun, and they are not a violent group. Here is the reason that Carl had a right to talk to his employer the way he did, they were s violating his First Amendment rights, which guarantees him the freedom of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition or restrict their individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s religious practicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“First Amendmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , n.d., para. 1). Which also guarantees his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“freedom of expressionby prohibiting Congress from restricting the press or the rights of individuals to speak freely, and guarantees the right of citizens toassemble peaceably and to petition their governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“First Amendmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , n.d., para. 1).Carl has done nothing wrong, unless his employer made his sign an off duty clause that forbids him from participation in these types of actions. Do I believe that what a public employee does in their free time should be of no concern to the public agency where they work? This question to me is not a yes or no question because. I believe that once you are a public employee that has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“accepting public employment, you have foregone any privilege you may have had as private citizensà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Hudson, 2002, p. 8), for example, a police office, Prison guards and Administrations, Teacher, Judge, Public Defender, Prosecutor, Mayor, etc. Therefore, the public expect them to be on your best behavior always, because they are in the public eye. Also, some public agencies do have rules about off the job activities, which they can or cannot do on their own time, which might fall under there Ethical Conducts policy, for example à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Activities you cannot engage in outside employment or any outside activity if it conflicts with your Government job, or if it could be prohibited by a law or regulation that applies to your agency, or it might present a conflict because the outside activity would disqualify you from performing a significant amount of your Government dutiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Ethics-Outside Activitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , n.d., para. 1). Now, as stated before, I also believe that it should be no, because despite what we might think these individuals are humans as well and they will make mistakes publicly and at the worst time, but we as the lookers tend to forget that they are not perfect. There is only one perfect person, a nd he is in heaven, so why should we scrutinize them when they do something on there off time that we may not like? So for me, I am straddling the fence, and I can empathize with each side, but I cannot pick one side or the other because there are too many pros and cons arguments for this issue. So, public and government à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“entities have a constitutional right to privacy that protects them from most employer monitoring of, or even inquiring about, their off-the-job conduct, and therefore, public employees are largely protected from monitoringà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Guerin, n.d., para. 2). Also, there are several laws in the private sector, which prohibits their employers from meddling into their employees personal lives off-duty from work. There are some states that even went as far as to make a constitution purposely that included an employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to privacy, which would prevent their private employers from investigating their off-duty activity. Some of those à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“states, including California, which has laws prohibiting employers from taking any job-related action against a worker based on that workers lawful conduct off the jobà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Guerin, n.d., para. 3). Does Carlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position or status or his activity influence my thinking? Carlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work position did not change my opinion, neither of him nor what he does on his off duty time, nor influence my thinking. But, the things that upset me and made me agree more with Carl was the attitudes of Lisa, who was using company email to send information about Carl to other employees in their office, and that Angie decided to go on a fishing exposition by opening and following up the email about his off duty activity! If they did not entertain the idea, and it was not obvious before that he was a racist why should it matter now? Carl, seem to do his job, has always had a great performance review, and no complaints, so what he does on his off time is no ones business. Therefore, he was correct to state that, because he did nothing wrong on his job or off. I also did not like the fact that the Angie and Lisa are yelling derogatory comments about Carl by stating à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“she wants the bigot firedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for everyone to hear. That is very unprofessional and should never be done. They have just now created a very hostile environment for Carl to do his daily duties without other gossiping about him, or worst. If Carl was a police officer, would I think differently? Well, again, my answer would be yes and no. Here is why, I know a lot of police officers and some lawyers who are my associates. I know a few of them have color issues, matter of fact the African Americans and the Caucasian. I respect there feeling, as long as those feelings do not cross over into their jobs. I have experience that aspect, and it is not pretty. So, for me it would not matter that is Carlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cho ice and one I need to respect. If I was Angie, how would I handle this situation? If I was Angie, I would keep my information to myself; because what he or she does on there off duty time is no oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business. It amazes me how she came across this information, and why she chose to use it in this manner. They do not seem to have any bad history, but it does make me wonder if she too could be an undercover racist, and she just showed her true colors. Conclusion Carl is a racist and he is happy being one, but he is not happy that his employer is prying into his off duty life, and I agree with Carlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s feelings and his right to be who he wants to be off duty. His life never surfaced on his job, because he knew how to keep them separate. I wonder how many of us have activities that we would not like for our employers to know about, that we participate in on our off duty time? Carl is a hard worker and does his job efficiently. He never received a bad employee evaluation about his job performance. Carl is OK in my book, and his employer might want to discuss with their organization new rules about using company email for personal use on the job, and maybe even add a sensitivity class as well so that this will not happen again. References Ethics-Outside Activities (n.d.). Retrieved from https://energy.gov/hc/ethics-outside-activities First Amendment| Constitution | US Law | LII / Legal (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/first_amendment Guerin, L.,J.D. (n.d.). Off-Duty Conduct and Employee Rights. Retrieved from https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/off-duty-conduct-employee-rights-33590.html Hudson, Jr., David (2002) p. 8. Balancing Act: Public Employees and Free Speech. Retrieved from https://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/madison/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/FirstReport.PublicEmployees.pdf

Are Social Problems Socially Constructed or Biologically Determined - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1645 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Level High school Did you like this example? Are social problems socially constructed or biologically determined? The debate over whether social problems are socially constructed or biologically determined takes us immediately into the realms of constructivism and positivism. As such, we must begin our essay by offering a definition of the two fundamentally important sociological paradigms. Constructivism implies that social problems are indeed the result of socially constructed phenomena. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Are Social Problems Socially Constructed or Biologically Determined" essay for you Create order Viewed from the constructivist perspective, the myriad of social, cultural, economic and political factors that affect the day to day running of contemporary society are subject to a variety of competing pressures, each of which are able to create new social problems where – in a different social, cultural, economic and political context – none would have arisen. Thus, society itself is the trigger for conflict and resolution; society itself is the location of the answers to the questions posited by the complexities of social construction. Thus, â€Å"because we are locked into our society, because our journey of knowledge occurs within the journey of our societies, we cannot know things about society with absolute certainty – the ‘truths of the social sciences are interpretative.† The positivist tradition, on the other hand, takes a different approach. Beginning with the publication of The Positive Philosophy by French intellectual Auguste Comte in 1853, the positivist tradition to sociological theory has historically sought to underline the significance of science to the study of society and its ills. According to Comte, â€Å"the social world of human relationships could be treated as though it is similar to the natural world of inanimate objects.† As a result, positivist sociologists have since aimed to show how t is possible to develop a scientific study of society as though the study of society is equivalent to studying ‘social physics. Thus, human beings, their behaviour and interaction, have since been treated as scientific variables while society itself has been interpreted as methodological, scientific data with ‘cause and effect reduced to ‘results and equations. The implication here is that biology and other scientifically verifiable instances of pre-disposition towards deviance are responsible for the creation of social problems. Taken at face value, these two opposing sociological th eories would appear to suggest a deep-seated theoretical schism in the understanding of society and its many and varied problems. Yet both the positivist tradition and the constructivist tradition seek in the first instance to underscore that social problems are the result of delinquency and abnormal psychology. However, because, according to Gerald Davison, John Neale and Ann Kring, â€Å"the way different societies understand abnormal behaviour strongly affects the way they treat it,† the divergence between these two opposing sociological schools should be considered to be a natural schism over what is an inexorably complex, multi-faceted subject. For instance, if we start from the assumption that society is, as a construct of human beings, controlled by the behaviour of people, then we must assume that biology plays some kind of a role in determining which elements of society are prone to problem types of behaviour and, conversely, which elements of society conform to c ultural ‘norms. As the fundamental building blocks upon which humankind has been built, biology has historically been the first place to look in attempting to rationalise people and the deviations inherent within the organisation of any given society. Biology has, it can be argued, been able to show the innate behavioural differences between the sexes, highlighting how males have traditionally been more prone to producing social problems such as crime and disorder than females. However, according to Anthony Giddens, any attempt to understand society (even the differences between the sexes) as a ‘natural product of biology and genetic engineering can only remain fixed firmly within the realms of scientific hypothesis and not scientific fact. â€Å"There is no evidence of the mechanisms which would link such biological forces with the complex social behaviour exhibited by human men and women. Theories which see individuals as complying with some kind of innate predispo sition neglect the vital role of social interaction in shaping human behaviour.† Ultimately, although adopting such a standpoint enables science to provide answers as to why social problems exist, it does not take into account the inherent diversity between peoples that is such a crucial part of the human condition. If, for example, we think of the modern urban space as representing a microcosm of human society, we can see how biology is completely incapable of accounting for the vast range of characteristics, problems and successes of the modern urban community. Factors such as ‘social exclusion and ‘urban degeneration are equally, if not more, important than biology in determining which sectors of society are subject to the most social problems. In bypassing the potentially debilitating sociological effects of poverty, exclusion and housing, the proponents of the positivist approach to sociology ignore some of the most basic triggers for social problems in the contemporary era. Only by understanding and acknowledging the complex interaction of sociological forces which conspire to render a person or a community problematic can policies be put in place to remedy the ills. We should also note how social problems are in many ways created by the very society which purports to be in such a state of distress. Stan Cohen observed as much in his seminal study Folk Devils and Moral Panics: the Creation of Mods and Rockers where the author acknowledged that, throughout history â€Å"societies appear to be subject, every now and again, to periods of moral panic. A condition, episode, person or group of person emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests; its nature is presented in a stylised and stereotypical fashion by the mass media; the moral barricades are manned by editors, bishops, politicians and other right-thinking people.† Viewed through this prism, social problems – especially those social pr oblems relating to crime, delinquency and disorder – can be seen to have been constructed as a means of protecting the traditional socio-political elite from what it perceives as a threat to its moral authority with the global mass media being the vehicle through which the social construction of delinquency has been transported to the news-consuming general public. The vilification of youth culture which Cohen so brilliantly exposed can be seen to have been repeated in a variety of forms since the 1970s. When, for instance, we pause to consider the medias portrayal of youth culture at the dawn of the twenty first century with the incumbent demonisation of ‘hoodies, we can see the extent to which social problems can, firstly, be constructed by a fearful socio-political elite and, secondly, how that fear can be disseminated via the media as a sociological fact. This is what Cohen refers to as â€Å"deviancy amplification† whereby the projection of the threat from a perceived social problem is grossly over-exaggerated, resulting in many cases in the cultural myth transpiring into a social reality. In this way, then, we can begin to see how the question of society and its myriad of problems is not nearly as straightforward a question as it at first appears. Conclusion One cannot offer a conclusion as to the production of societys problems without reference to social construction. The idea that all of societys problems are the result of pre-determined biological engineering is little short of preposterous, having its roots in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries imperialism and the need to underscore the white European mans position at the top of the global hierarchy. Ultimately, sociology, while designated a ‘social science, is not a science in the strictest sense. As Ken Browne notes, â€Å"the differences between the ‘natural sciences and sociology mean that sociologists cannot follow exactly the same procedures or produce such precise findings as those in the natural sciences.† In the final analysis, as a study of people and their interactions with one another, the study of society cannot be reduced to scientific pre-determination, methodology, facts and figures. Only by acknowledging the complex interaction of forces that conspire to trigger social problems, can the broader issues of society and humanity be more adequately understood. References Browne, K. (2005) An Introduction to Sociology: Third Edition Cambridge: Polity Press Cohen, S. (2002) Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of Mods and Rockers: Second Edition London and New York: Routledge Davison, G.C., Neale, J.M. and Kring, A.M. (2003) Abnormal Psychology: Ninth Edition London: John Wiley Sons Einstadter, W.J. and Henry, S. (2006) Criminological Theory: An Analysis of its Underlying Assumptions London and New York: Rowman Littlefield Giddens, A. (2006) Sociology: Fifth Edition Cambridge: Polity Press Jacobs, B. and Dutton, C. (1999) Social and Community Issues, in, Roberts, P. and Sykes, H. (Eds.) Urban Regeneration: A Handbook London and New York: Sage Morrison, F. (1995) Theoretical Criminology: From Modernity to Post Modernism London and New York: Routledge Roberts, P. (1999) The Evolution, Definition and Purpose of Urban Regeneration, in, Roberts, P. and Sykes, H. (Eds.) Urban Regeneration: A Handbook London and New York: Sage Morrison, F. (1995) Theoretical Criminology: From Modernity to Post Modernism London and New York: Routledge, p.5 Einstadter, W.J. and Henry, S. (2006) Criminological Theory: An Analysis of its Underlying Assumptions London and New York: Rowman Littlefield, p.2 Davison, G.C., Neale, J.M. and Kring, A.M. (2003) Abnormal Psychology: Ninth Edition London: John Wiley Sons, p.2 Giddens, A. (2006) Sociology: Fifth Edition Cambridge: Polity Press, p.459 Roberts, P. (1999) The Evolution, Definition and Purpose of Urban Regeneration, in, Roberts, P. and Sykes, H. (Eds.) Urban Regeneration: A Handbook London and New York: Sage, pp.19-20 Jacobs, B. and Dutton, C. (1999) Social and Community Issues, in, Roberts, P. and Sykes, H. (Eds.) Urban Regeneration: A Handbook London and New York: Sage, pp.109-129 Cohen, S. (2002) Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of Mods and Rockers: Second Edition London and New York: Routledge, p.1 Folk Devils and Moral Panics, p.13 Browne, K. (2005) An Introduction to Sociology: Third Edition Cambridge: Polity Press, p.3

Effects Of The Transatlantic Slave Trade Essay - 1291 Words

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The Telephone Was Invented By Alexander Graham Bell

In the 1870’s the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. Before the telephone the only other means of communication was the telegraph and letters. Today we have many other means of communicating with others. We use electronic mail, postal mail, telephone and media to name a few. There is an extraordinary growth in the communication business doubling from $123 billion in 2004 to $282 billion by 2010. The internet based communications systems are vastly improving the efficiency of the supply chain for the 5000 largest companies worldwide. The communication avenues we have today help the United States communicate with other countries around the world. The growth and improvement in worldwide communication adds to the significance of culturally diverse teamwork in large companies. Many companies are using global communication. Companies do not usually have the same costs involved in hiring and managing employees overseas. The ability to successfully manage a culturally diverse organization is crucial to its success. More and more companies are growing and expanding globally. This expansion increases the potential for cultural diversity within a company. When you call your local phone company, wireless provider or long distance supplier, you may be speaking to a customer service representative that is located in India or China. This has created job opportunities for underdeveloped cities, towns and countries. At the same time this has decreased the need for customerShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of Alexander Graham Bell882 Words   |  4 Pages Alexander Graham Bell was not an American born inventor. He was born in Edinburgh Scotland March 3, 1947. His father was a formal speech teacher. This might account for his early interest in speech and sound. As a boy he was so intrigued with sound he taught himself to play the piano. 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